Aiming at the problem of D2D communication mode selection and resource optimization under the joint resource allocation mode in 5G
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Integrating device-to-device (D2D) communication into cellular networks can significantly reduce the transmission burden on base stations (BSs). Besides, integrated
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Fifth generation (5G) networks are desired to offer improved data rates employed for enhancing innovations of device-to-device (D2D) communication, small base stations
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The introduction of D2D communication offers a significant opportunity to improve the efficiency and capacity of wireless networks. D2D communication allows for direct
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Abstract—Device-to-device (D2D) where users communicate directly with each other with limited base station involvement can significantly improve spectral efficiency, energy
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The incorporation of device-to-device (D2D) communication, utilizing the same spectral resources as cellular networks, is regarded as a pivotal development for the next
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Aiming at the problem of D2D communication mode selection and resource optimization under the joint resource allocation mode in 5G communication network, a probabilistic integrated
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D2D Satellite Communication refers to communication paradigm where end user devices directly communicate with each other via satellite links, without relying on traditional ground based
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D2D-aided Optimal Utilization of Renewable Energies for Green Powered Base Stations In this paper, due to the unlimited growth of service demands and high load traffic, a
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Yuan Liu, Member, IEEE Abstract—In this paper, we consider device-to-device (D2D) communication underlaying uplink cellular networks with mul-tiple base stations (BSs),
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Abstract—In this paper, we investigate secure device-to-device (D2D) communication in energy harvesting large-scale cognitive cellular networks. The energy
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The global utility-scale photovoltaic market is experiencing significant growth in Southern Africa, with demand increasing by over 400% in the past five years. Large-scale solar farms now account for approximately 70% of all new renewable energy capacity additions in the region. South Africa leads with 65% market share in the SADC region, driven by REIPPPP (Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme) and corporate PPAs that have reduced levelized electricity costs by 60-70% compared to traditional power sources. The average project size has increased from 10MW to over 50MW, with standardized EPC approaches cutting installation timelines by 65% compared to traditional solutions. Emerging technologies including bifacial modules and single-axis tracking have increased energy yields by 25-35%, while manufacturing innovations and local content requirements have created new economic opportunities across the solar value chain. Typical utility-scale projects now achieve payback periods of 4-6 years with levelized costs below $0.04/kWh.
Containerized energy storage solutions are revolutionizing power management across Southern Africa's industrial and commercial sectors. Mobile 20ft and 40ft BESS containers now provide flexible, scalable energy storage with deployment times reduced by 80% compared to traditional stationary installations. Advanced lithium-ion technologies (NMC and LFP) have increased energy density by 40% while reducing costs by 35% annually. Intelligent energy management systems now optimize charging/discharging cycles based on real-time electricity pricing, increasing ROI by 50-70%. Safety innovations including advanced thermal management and integrated fire suppression have reduced risk profiles by 90%. These innovations have improved project economics significantly, with commercial and industrial energy storage projects typically achieving payback in 3-5 years through peak shaving, demand charge reduction, and backup power capabilities. Recent pricing trends show standard 20ft containers (500kWh-1MWh) starting at $180,000 and 40ft containers (1MWh-2.5MWh) from $350,000, with flexible financing including lease-to-own and energy-as-a-service models available.